AlgorithmsDesign & pseudocode
SearchingLinear & binary
SortingBubble, merge, insertion
Trace TablesStep-by-step traces
SelectionIF / ELIF / ELSE
IterationFOR / WHILE loops
Arrays & 2DIndex & traversal
Stringslength, upper, left
ValidationRange, type, format
Binary & HexConversion & ops
Logic GatesAND / OR / NOT
SubroutinesFunctions & procedures
DecompositionComputational thinking
Defensive DesignValidation & auth